Understanding Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV): A Rising Respiratory Concern

• By : VivaVel.com
• 8 Jan, 2025

Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory virus that has recently garnered global attention due to a surge in cases, particularly among children in China. This uptick has increased monitoring and public concern, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.

What is HMPV?

Discovered in 2001, HMPV is a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, closely related to the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). It primarily causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections, ranging from mild cold-like symptoms to severe bronchitis or pneumonia. The virus is most prevalent during late winter and spring, aligning with the seasonal patterns of other respiratory viruses.

Recent Surge in China

In December 2024, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CCDC) reported a significant increase in HMPV infections among children aged 14 and under. During the week of December 16 to 22, HMPV accounted for 6.2% of positive respiratory illness tests and 5.4% of hospitalizations due to respiratory illnesses in China, surpassing the rates of COVID-19, rhinovirus, and adenovirus.

Global Response and Monitoring

Neighboring countries are closely monitoring the situation. In Hong Kong, health authorities have noted that HMPV levels remain low despite the outbreak in mainland China. Malaysia reported 327 HMPV cases in 2024, an increase from 225 cases in 2023, but officials stress that the disease is not new and current numbers do not indicate an outbreak.

In India, the first cases of HMPV were confirmed in Bengaluru on January 6, 2025, involving an 8-month-old boy and a 3-month-old girl who presented with respiratory symptoms. Health officials advise vigilance but caution against panic, noting that HMPV is a known virus with established treatment protocols.

Symptoms and Transmission

HMPV typically causes symptoms similar to other respiratory infections, including:

• Cough
• Fever
• Nasal congestion
• Shortness of breath

In severe cases, especially among young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals, it can lead to bronchitis or pneumonia. The virus spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes and through direct contact with contaminated surfaces.

Prevention and Treatment

Currently, there is no vaccine for HMPV. Preventive measures are similar to those for other respiratory viruses:

• Regular hand washing with soap and water
• Avoiding close contact with infected individuals
• Using masks in crowded places
• Maintaining good respiratory hygiene, such as covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing

Treatment focuses on alleviating symptoms, including:

• Staying hydrated
• Rest
• Over-the-counter medications to reduce fever and relieve pain

In severe cases, particularly for those with underlying health conditions, hospitalization may be required to provide supportive care, such as oxygen therapy.

Public Health Perspective

Health experts advise against panic, emphasizing that HMPV is a known virus with predictable seasonal patterns. Dr. Atul Goel of India's Directorate General of Health Services stated, "Metapneumovirus is like any other respiratory virus which causes the common cold, and in the very old and young, it could cause flu-like symptoms."

The World Health Organization (WHO) has not issued specific HMPV advisories but continues monitoring global respiratory illness trends. The organization underscores the importance of transparency and data sharing among countries to manage and understand the spread of such viruses effectively.

Conclusion

While the recent increase in HMPV cases, particularly in China, has raised concerns, it is essential to recognize that HMPV is a well-documented respiratory virus with established treatment protocols. Adhering to preventive measures and staying informed through credible sources can help mitigate the risk of infection. Public health authorities monitor the situation closely to ensure timely responses to significant changes in the virus's behavior or spread.

Sources: 

• Health Ministry Confirms Two HMPV Cases In India; Know Symptoms And Prevention
• Understanding Human Metapneumovirus, as cases emerge from China: Explained
• What is human metapneumovirus? Are cases surging in